01 July 2025

Mental Health Research Resources

Psychiatry and Psychology Research : Mental Health Online Articles / Journals / News

International Mental Health Research Information and Updates 

Mental Health Research Resources

"Mental health… is not a destination, but a process. It’s about how you drive, not where you’re going." Noam Shpancer, PhD

Applied Metal Health Research 

Importance of 
Psychiatry and Psychology Research

Mental Health Journals and Research

Mental Health Research News 

Psychiatry and Psychology Research Journal and Topic Search

Mental Health Research Resources
There are several resources available for mental health research that can provide valuable information, data, and support. Here are some key resources you can explore:

1. Research Databases: Utilize research databases to access a wide range of academic journals, articles, and studies related to mental health research. Some popular databases include PubMed, PsycINFO, Google Scholar, and Scopus. These platforms allow you to search for specific topics, keywords, and authors to find relevant research papers.

2. Mental Health Organizations and Institutes: Various mental health organizations and institutes conduct and publish research in the field. Examples include the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), World Health Organization (WHO), American Psychiatric Association (APA), and National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI). Visit their websites to explore research publications, reports, and resources related to mental health.

3. Open Access Journals: Open access journals provide free access to their published articles, making them widely available to researchers and the general public. Examples of open access journals in mental health include PLOS ONE, BMC Psychiatry, Frontiers in Psychology, and Journal of Mental Health. These journals can be valuable sources for up-to-date research in the field.

4. Research Institutes and Universities: Universities and research institutes often have dedicated departments or centers focused on mental health research. These institutions conduct studies, publish research papers, and may offer resources such as literature reviews, toolkits, and data sets. Explore the websites of renowned institutions known for their mental health research, such as Harvard University, Stanford University, and the University of Oxford.

5. ClinicalTrials.gov: This online database maintained by the U.S. National Library of Medicine provides information on clinical trials conducted worldwide. It includes studies related to mental health interventions, treatments, and therapies. Researchers can search for ongoing and completed trials, access study protocols, and learn about participant recruitment.

6. Mental Health Journals: Subscribe to and regularly review mental health journals to stay updated on the latest research in the field. Some prominent journals include JAMA Psychiatry, The Lancet Psychiatry, Psychological Medicine, and Journal of Abnormal Psychology. These journals publish original research articles, review papers, and meta-analyses.

7. Professional Associations: Joining professional associations and societies related to mental health research can provide access to resources, conferences, and networking opportunities. Examples include the American Psychological Association (APA), the International Society for Bipolar Disorders (ISBD), and the World Psychiatric Association (WPA).

8. Mental Health Data and Statistics: Data and statistics play a crucial role in mental health research. Organizations like the WHO, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and national health departments often publish data and statistics related to mental health conditions, prevalence rates, and treatment outcomes. These resources can provide valuable information for research purposes.

Remember to critically evaluate the sources you use, consider the credibility of the authors and publishers, and cite your references properly to maintain academic integrity. Additionally, consult with academic advisors, librarians, and fellow researchers in the mental health field to discover additional resources specific to your research interests." (Source: ChatGPT 2023)

Mental Health Scholarships 2026 / 2027

International Mental Health Student and Study Scholarships 2026 / 2027

Mental Health Scholarships 2025 / 2026

Learn to light a candle in the darkest moments of someone’s life. Be the light that helps others see; it is what gives life its deepest significance.”― Roy T. Bennett

Financial Study Aid 2026 / 2027

International Mental Health Scholarships 2026 / 2027

Mental Health Scholarships 2026 / 2027

Mental Health Postgraduate Scholarships 2026 / 2027

What is a Mental Health Study Scholarship?
"A Mental Health Study Scholarship is a financial award or grant provided to individuals pursuing education or research in the field of mental health. Scholarships, like bursaries, are designed to support students, researchers, or professionals aiming to advance their studies or careers in mental health-related disciplines.

Scholarships differ from bursaries in that they are often merit-based or awarded on the basis of specific criteria, such as academic achievement, research potential, or specific skills and accomplishments. They may be awarded by various institutions, including universities, non-profit organizations, governmental bodies, or private entities, to support students or researchers studying mental health topics.

These scholarships can cover tuition fees, research expenses, living costs, or other educational expenses associated with pursuing degrees or conducting research in areas related to mental health. They serve to encourage and support individuals dedicated to making a difference in the field of mental health.

Recipients of mental health study scholarships might include undergraduate or graduate students pursuing degrees in psychology, counseling, psychiatry, social work, or related fields. They could also support researchers focused on various aspects of mental health, such as mental illness, psychological well-being, therapy, or community mental health initiatives.

These scholarships are vital in attracting and retaining talented individuals in the field of mental health, facilitating their education, and supporting their efforts to contribute to the improvement of mental health care, research, and understanding." (Source: ChatGPT 2023)

The Center for Reintegration Applications. The goal of the Baer Reintegration Scholarship is to help people with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder or bipolar disorder acquire the educational and vocational skills necessary to reintegrate into society, secure jobs, and regain their lives. Center for Reintegration

Behavioral Health Scholarship Application University of Texas Permian Basin

British Welcome Scholarships 2025 of £129 0000,00 Worth of Free Degree in UK A Scholarship

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Global Mental Health Council Grants Program Columbia University

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How to Get a Scholarship - Winning Tips Advance Africa

How to get a Mental Health Scholarship Career Karma

How to Get a Mental Health Scholarship? According to ChatGPT Mental Health and Motivation

Scholarships, Bursaries and Awards Varsity College

Introducing the Global Excellence Scholarship University of Western Australia

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List of Health Scholarships, Grants, and Fellowships for International Students Scholarships for Development

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Psychology Scholarships around the World Top Universities

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Undergraduate Scholarships for International Students University of Plymouth

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Grants awarded: Developing Excellence in Leadership, Training and Science Initiative II (2023 to 2026) Welcome

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Mental Health Internships 2026 / 2027

International Mental Health Student and Study Internships 2026 / 2027

International Mental Health Student and Study Internships 2026 / 2027

Put your heart, mind, and soul into even your smallest acts. This is the secret of success.” - Swami Sivananda

- Undergraduate Research Opportunities

What is a Mental Health Internship?

A mental health internship is a supervised, hands-on learning experience in the field of mental health. It allows students or recent graduates to gain practical skills in areas like psychology, counseling, social work, or psychiatry. These internships can be clinical (working directly with patients) or research-based (conducting studies on mental health topics).

Types of Mental Health Internships

  1. Clinical Internships – Involve direct interaction with patients under supervision. Examples:

    • Shadowing therapists or counselors
    • Assisting in group therapy sessions
    • Helping with crisis intervention hotlines
  2. Research Internships – Focus on studying mental health conditions, treatments, or psychological theories. Examples:

    • Conducting surveys or experiments
    • Analyzing data on mental health trends
    • Assisting in academic research
  3. Community & Nonprofit Internships – Involve mental health advocacy and outreach. Examples:

    • Organizing mental health awareness events
    • Working with at-risk communities
    • Supporting rehabilitation programs
  4. Corporate & HR Internships – Focus on workplace mental health and employee well-being. Examples:

    • Assisting in employee wellness programs
    • Conducting research on work-related stress
    • Developing mental health training materials  (Source ChatGPT 2025)

Access and participation plan 2027-28 PDF Download University of Salford

Apply for an Internship FIT / State University of New York

Doctoral Internship in Health Service Psychology California State University, Fullerton

Internships Nova Nordisk Global

Internships 2026 Minaret Foundation

Internships & Careers Suffolk University Boston

Internship Possibilities University of Massachusetts Amherst

Internships in Global Health Internships in Global Health

Mental Health Scholarships 2026 / 2027 Mental Health and Motivation

MSW/MMHC Internship Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine Department of Psychiatry

Psychology Internship Abroad StudentsGoAbroad

Psychology Internship (CMTP) Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School og Medicine Department of Psychiatry

Psychology Internship FAQ Indiana University

Psychology Internship Training Program 2025-2026
U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs

Psychology Undergraduate Internship Indeed

Student Ambassadors | Harvard Global Health Institute
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Undergraduate Research Opportunities & Internships American Psychological Association

UNICEF Internships UNICEF

UNC / University of North Carolina Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Karen M. Gil Internship Program

WHO Internship Programme World Health Organization
 
Clinical Mental Health Counseling



🎓 Mental Health, Psychology and Relationship Resources

Mental Health Scholarships 2028

International Mental Health Student and Study Scholarships 2028

Mental Health Scholarships 2027

A good head and good heart are always a formidable combination. But when you add to that a literate tongue or pen, then you have something very special.” ― Nelson Mandela

Financial Study Aid 2028

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2028 Mental Health Scholarships To be Updated In Due Course

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Mental Health, Psychology and Relationship Resources

Jekyll and Hyde Syndrome

Understanding a Jekyll and Hyde Personality

Jekyll and Hyde Syndrome

I learned to recognise the thorough and primitive duality of man; I saw that, of the two natures that contended in the field of my consciousness, even if I could rightly be said to be either, it was only because I was radically both.” ― Robert Louis Stevenson, Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde

Jekyll and Hyde Syndrome

Jekyll and Hyde Syndrome and NPD

What is Jekyll and Hyde Syndrome?

Jekyll and Hyde Syndrome
"The term "Jekyll and Hyde syndrome" is often used colloquially to describe a situation where a person's behavior or personality drastically changes, seemingly turning them into a completely different individual. This concept is derived from Robert Louis Stevenson's novella "Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde," in which the main character, Dr. Jekyll, develops a potion that transforms him into the violent and immoral Mr. Hyde.

In reality, there is no medical condition known as "Jekyll and Hyde syndrome." However, certain mental health disorders and conditions can cause significant shifts in behavior, mood, or personality, leading to a perception of a dual or split nature in an individual. Here are a few examples of conditions that might be associated with such changes:

1. Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID): Formerly known as multiple personality disorder, DID is a complex psychological condition in which a person exhibits two or more distinct identities or personalities, each with its own pattern of behavior and memory. These identities, referred to as alters, may emerge and take control of the individual's behavior, leading to a significant change in demeanor.

2. Bipolar Disorder: People with bipolar disorder experience extreme mood swings, cycling between periods of elevated and energized states (known as manic episodes) and periods of depressive episodes. During a manic episode, an individual may exhibit impulsive, reckless, or aggressive behavior, which can be seen as a significant change from their usual self.

3. Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD): Individuals with BPD often struggle with emotional instability, impulsivity, and difficulties in forming stable relationships. They may experience intense mood swings, alternating between idealizing and devaluing themselves or others. These fluctuations in emotions and behavior can give the impression of two different personas.

It's important to note that these conditions are complex and require a proper diagnosis by mental health professionals. Additionally, the term "Jekyll and Hyde syndrome" is not a recognized medical term but rather a metaphorical description of certain behaviors or experiences. If you or someone you know is experiencing significant changes in behavior or personality, it is recommended to seek professional help for a proper evaluation and diagnosis." (Source: ChatGPT 2023)

Can "Jekyll And Hyde Behavior" Be A Sign Of Narcissistic Personality Disorder? Article

Is Your Partner Suffering From Jekyll And Hyde Syndrome? Article

Know the Infamous Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde? BPDFamily

Narcissistic Relationships: Jekyll Is Hyde Article

The Jekyll and Hyde Syndrome What to Do If Someone in Your Life Has a Dual Personality - or If You Do Beverly Engel PDF Document Download

What Is a Jekyll and Hyde Personality? The Health Board

Understanding a Jekyll and Hyde Personality Article

Jekyll and Hyde Syndrome Book Mention:

The Jekyll and Hyde Syndrome: What to Do If Someone in Your Life Has a Dual Personality - or If You Do Beverly Engel

Does a Narcissist’s Personality Get Worse Later in Life?

The Question of Whether a Narcissist’s Personality Worsens Later in Life yields a Nuanced Answer

Does a Narcissist’s Personality Get Worse Later in Life?

Abstract

"Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD) is characterized by patterns of grandiosity, a constant need for admiration, and a lack of empathy. While it is typically seen as a stable personality disorder, emerging research suggests that narcissistic traits may change with age. This paper explores the progression of narcissism across the lifespan, particularly whether narcissistic behaviors intensify, diminish, or evolve in late adulthood. Drawing from psychological theories, longitudinal studies, sociological dynamics, and clinical observations, the report concludes that narcissistic traits can both intensify and diminish with age depending on subtype, social environment, health status, and psychological comorbidities. The aging narcissist often struggles with loss of status, declining physical appearance, and social isolation, potentially leading to exacerbated traits. However, some individuals may exhibit a reduction in grandiosity and entitlement, especially when faced with mortality and vulnerability. This nuanced exploration provides critical insight for clinicians and caregivers dealing with aging narcissistic individuals.

Introduction

Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD), as defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), is a pervasive pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, and a lack of empathy (American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2013). Narcissism exists on a spectrum and can manifest in both pathological and subclinical forms. While research has historically centered on younger individuals, increasing interest has turned toward how narcissistic traits evolve with age. Popular culture often portrays elderly narcissists as bitter, manipulative, or isolated; yet empirical data remains mixed. This paper asks: Does a narcissist’s personality get worse later in life? To answer this, it explores psychological development theories, empirical research, sociocultural influences, and clinical case studies.

Understanding Narcissism: A Lifespan Perspective


Subtypes of Narcissism

Narcissism manifests in two primary forms: grandiose and vulnerable (Pincus & Lukowitsky, 2010). Grandiose narcissism is marked by overt expressions of superiority, dominance, and entitlement. Vulnerable narcissism, however, involves hypersensitivity, defensiveness, and withdrawal, often masked by introversion and low self-esteem. Aging may differently affect these subtypes, amplifying vulnerability in some while exacerbating aggression in others.

Lifespan Psychology and Personality Stability

Historically, personality traits were considered stable across the lifespan (Costa & McCrae, 1992). However, more recent longitudinal studies (Roberts et al., 2006) suggest that traits such as agreeableness and conscientiousness tend to increase with age, while neuroticism often declines. Yet, narcissism appears to be more resistant to such positive maturation. Research by Wetzel et al. (2017) demonstrated that narcissistic traits generally decline after young adulthood, but with notable exceptions in pathological cases.

Does Narcissism Worsen with Age?


Empirical Findings

The research is divided. Studies such as Foster et al. (2003) indicate a general decline in narcissism with age, particularly in non-clinical populations. On the other hand, Ronningstam (2009) argues that for individuals with NPD, aging can present challenges that lead to intensified traits. These challenges include diminished physical attractiveness, career setbacks, retirement, or loss of control—threatening the narcissist’s self-image and prompting compensatory behaviors.

A study by Twenge and Campbell (2008) noted generational increases in narcissistic traits, raising questions about whether societal changes might alter aging trajectories. More recent evidence from Jauk et al. (2017) suggests that vulnerable narcissism may become more prominent in older adults, possibly due to failing health and isolation.

Psychological Factors


Cognitive Decline and Narcissism

Cognitive decline can exacerbate narcissistic features. Individuals may become more rigid, less able to process feedback, and more emotionally reactive (Calkins & Fox, 2002). For narcissists, who depend heavily on cognitive mechanisms to maintain grandiosity and control, cognitive decline can provoke increased irritability, paranoia, and manipulativeness.

Mortality and Narcissistic Defenses

The confrontation with mortality often triggers existential crises. While some individuals develop humility or spiritual insight, narcissists may double down on denial and self-enhancement. Becker’s (1973) Denial of Death posits that narcissism may intensify in older age as a psychological defense against the fear of death.

Comorbid Disorders

NPD often coexists with other disorders, such as depression, anxiety, and substance abuse. According to Paris (2014), aging narcissists may experience higher rates of late-onset depression as their inflated self-image becomes increasingly incompatible with reality. This dissonance may foster bitter resentment or victimhood.

Sociological Factors


Social Isolation

Older narcissists may alienate family, friends, and caregivers due to their exploitative or self-centered behavior. This can lead to profound social isolation, which in turn reinforces narcissistic behaviors. A qualitative study by Day et al. (2012) highlighted that elderly narcissists frequently report feelings of abandonment and betrayal, but often fail to acknowledge their role in relational breakdowns.

Changes in Social Roles

Retirement and reduced social status can be traumatic for individuals who defined themselves by achievement and dominance. For narcissists, such transitions represent a loss of narcissistic supply—the validation they once received from subordinates or admirers. In response, they may become more demanding, critical, or delusional about past accomplishments.

Caregiving Dynamics

Caring for an aging narcissist presents unique challenges. Caregivers often report emotional exhaustion, as narcissistic patients may be manipulative, ungrateful, or abusive (Gabbard, 1989). Sociologically, this dynamic can create a feedback loop where the narcissist’s worsening behavior leads to further isolation and neglect, reinforcing their negative worldview.

Clinical Observations


Case Studies

Ronningstam (2016) provides several case examples where elderly individuals with NPD displayed either worsening traits or adaptive changes. In one case, a former executive became increasingly abusive toward family members after retirement. In another, a widow with vulnerable narcissism became dependent on her adult children while simultaneously rejecting their advice and support.

Psychotherapy Outcomes

Psychotherapy with aging narcissists is difficult but not impossible. Research by Dimaggio et al. (2008) shows that schema-focused and transference-based therapies can facilitate modest improvements. However, treatment often requires a high degree of clinician skill and emotional resilience.

Older narcissists may resist introspection, deny problems, or idealize and devalue therapists in rapid succession. Nevertheless, some aging individuals show an increased capacity for self-awareness, particularly when confronted with mortality or loss.

Compensatory Behaviors in Late Life


Grandiose Reimagining of the Past

A common pattern in elderly narcissists is the distortion of past achievements. They may speak in exaggerated terms about their careers, social influence, or desirability. This serves as a coping mechanism to maintain a coherent sense of superiority (Miller et al., 2011).

Control and Dependency

While narcissists fear dependence, aging often requires them to rely on others. This dependency can provoke rage or passive-aggressive behavior. Some may attempt to control caregivers or guilt-trip family members into compliance, using emotional blackmail as a substitute for actual connection.

Denial of Aging

Some narcissists engage in excessive cosmetic procedures, delusional fantasies of youth, or rigid routines that deny their aging process. This denial can lead to increased anxiety and frustration when confronted with the inevitable realities of time (Levy et al., 2009).

Narcissistic Collapse in Aging

One of the most extreme manifestations of worsening narcissism in late life is the phenomenon known as "narcissistic collapse." This refers to a breakdown of the narcissist's defensive structures in response to a major loss or humiliation (Vaknin, 2015). In older adults, this can result from a medical diagnosis, the death of a spouse, or institutionalization.

Symptoms of collapse may include:

  • Severe depression

  • Psychosomatic complaints

  • Suicidal ideation

  • Rage outbursts

  • Paranoia

Clinical literature suggests that narcissistic collapse can be a turning point—leading either to transformation or entrenchment. Some individuals gain insight and develop empathy, while others descend into bitterness and isolation (Ronningstam, 2016).

Protective Factors and Positive Change


Spiritual and Existential Reflection

Not all narcissists worsen with age. Some report increased self-awareness and humility as they confront existential questions. Spiritual practices or life review therapy may offer a framework for integrating unresolved issues and moving beyond grandiosity (Wink & Dillon, 2002).

Supportive Relationships

When aging narcissists maintain relationships with empathetic individuals who set firm boundaries, they may exhibit behavioral improvement. Such support can buffer against social decline and facilitate personal growth—albeit slowly and inconsistently.

Adaptive Narcissism

Some scholars distinguish between maladaptive and adaptive narcissism (Sedikides et al., 2004). The latter includes healthy confidence, leadership, and ambition. Aging may soften destructive tendencies while preserving or enhancing adaptive traits in individuals who are introspective and emotionally flexible.

Conclusion

The question of whether a narcissist’s personality worsens later in life yields a nuanced answer. For many with Narcissistic Personality Disorder, aging poses existential threats that may provoke increased grandiosity, bitterness, or emotional instability. Loss of status, health, and admiration can trigger defensive behaviors and deepen narcissistic pathology. Yet, aging also brings opportunities for self-reflection, humility, and relational repair. The trajectory of narcissism in late life depends on subtype (grandiose vs. vulnerable), social environment, cognitive health, and willingness to engage in therapy.

For clinicians, caregivers, and family members, understanding this complex evolution is critical. Aging narcissists require a balanced approach—combining empathy with boundaries, and insight with realism. As the population ages, the need to address pathological narcissism in older adults will become increasingly urgent." (Source: ChatGPT 2025)

References

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596

Becker, E. (1973). The denial of death. Free Press.

Calkins, S. D., & Fox, N. A. (2002). Self-regulatory processes in early personality development. Developmental Psychology, 38(3), 477–492. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.38.3.477

Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1992). NEO PI-R professional manual. Psychological Assessment Resources.

Day, N. J., Townsend, M. L., & Grenyer, B. F. S. (2012). Living with pathological narcissism: A qualitative study. Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation, 3(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40479-016-0042-7

Dimaggio, G., Semerari, A., Nicolò, G., Carcione, A., & Procacci, M. (2008). Psychotherapy of narcissistic personality disorder. International Journal of Psychotherapy, 12(1), 55–71.

Foster, J. D., Campbell, W. K., & Twenge, J. M. (2003). Individual differences in narcissism: Inflated self-views across the lifespan. Journal of Research in Personality, 37(6), 469–486.

Gabbard, G. O. (1989). Two subtypes of narcissistic personality disorder. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 53(6), 527–532.

Jauk, E., Weigle, E., Lehmann, K., Benedek, M., & Neubauer, A. C. (2017). The relationship between grandiose and vulnerable narcissism, life satisfaction, and the role of ego-ideals. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1600.

Levy, K. N., Reynoso, J. S., Wasserman, R. H., & Clarkin, J. F. (2009). Narcissistic personality disorder. In J. S. Magnavita (Ed.), Evidence-based treatment of personality dysfunction (pp. 113–157). American Psychological Association.

Miller, J. D., Widiger, T. A., & Campbell, W. K. (2011). Narcissistic personality disorder and the DSM-V. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 120(3), 427–436. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024788

Paris, J. (2014). Personality disorders over time: Precursors, course, and outcome. American Psychiatric Publishing.

Pincus, A. L., & Lukowitsky, M. R. (2010). Pathological narcissism and narcissistic personality disorder. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 6, 421–446.

Roberts, B. W., Walton, K. E., & Viechtbauer, W. (2006). Patterns of mean-level change in personality traits across the life course: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 132(1), 1–25.

Ronningstam, E. (2009). Narcissistic personality disorder: Facing DSM-V. Psychiatric Annals, 39(3), 111–121.

Ronningstam, E. (2016). Pathological narcissism and narcissistic personality disorder: Recent research and clinical implications. Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports, 3(1), 34–42.

Sedikides, C., Rudich, E. A., Gregg, A. P., Kumashiro, M., & Rusbult, C. (2004). Are normal narcissists psychologically healthy? Psychological Science, 15(2), 75–81.

Twenge, J. M., & Campbell, W. K. (2008). The narcissism epidemic: Living in the age of entitlement. Free Press.

Vaknin, S. (2015). Malignant self-love: Narcissism revisited (10th ed.). Narcissus Publications.

Wetzel, E., Leckelt, M., Gerlach, T. M., & Back, M. D. (2017). Distinguishing subgroups of narcissists with latent class analysis. European Journal of Personality, 31(6), 574–589.

Wink, P., & Dillon, M. (2002). Spiritual development across the adult life course. Journal of Adult Development, 9(1), 79–94.

Report Compiler: ChatGPT 2025

Image: Microsoft Copilot 2025

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The Role of Existential Art Therapy in Psychotherapy

The Role of Existential Art Therapy in Contemporary Psychotherapy: Existential Art Therapy is a Compelling and Transformative Approach that bridges Philosophy and Creativity

The Role of Existential Art Therapy in Psychotherapy

Abstract

"Existential art therapy integrates the philosophical depth of existentialism with the expressive power of art therapy. Rooted in the principles of human freedom, meaning-making, and confronting existential givens such as death, isolation, freedom, and meaninglessness, this therapeutic approach encourages individuals to explore their inner world through creative processes. This paper explores the foundations, methodologies, and applications of existential art therapy, assessing its effectiveness in various clinical settings. The integration of art and existential thought not only enhances emotional expression but also deepens self-awareness and existential insight. Through literature review, theoretical analysis, and case illustrations, this paper argues that existential art therapy offers a meaningful and transformative modality for those facing existential crises, trauma, or a search for purpose in life.

Introduction

Art therapy has long been recognized as a powerful tool for psychological healing, offering clients a non-verbal medium for self-expression and emotional exploration. Simultaneously, existential psychotherapy provides a framework for addressing profound human concerns such as mortality, isolation, freedom, and the search for meaning (Yalom, 1980). Existential art therapy arises at the confluence of these two traditions, uniting creative processes with existential inquiry to foster deeper self-understanding and emotional growth. In a world increasingly marked by disconnection, uncertainty, and psychological distress, existential art therapy serves as a timely and relevant modality. This paper critically examines the philosophical, clinical, and creative dimensions of existential art therapy and discusses its implications for mental health professionals.

Philosophical Foundations of Existential Art Therapy

Existential art therapy is rooted in the existential philosophy of thinkers such as Søren Kierkegaard, Friedrich Nietzsche, Martin Heidegger, Jean-Paul Sartre, and Viktor Frankl. These philosophers emphasized individual freedom, authenticity, and responsibility in the face of existential anxieties (Frankl, 1959; Sartre, 1943/2007). Existential psychotherapy emerged from these ideas, with Irvin D. Yalom (1980) identifying four primary existential concerns: death, freedom, isolation, and meaninglessness.

Art therapy, when informed by existentialism, becomes a way to confront and explore these dilemmas. Creating art enables individuals to represent the ineffable aspects of existence and process them symbolically (Moon, 2009). It provides a space in which clients can externalize their internal conflicts and reflect on their lived experiences through visual language.

Art-making in this context is not about aesthetics or technical skill, but about authentic engagement with the self and one’s existential reality (Kramer, 2000). The therapist, as a co-traveler, encourages reflection and self-responsibility rather than interpretation or diagnosis.

Core Concepts in Existential Art Therapy

1. Authenticity and Freedom

One of the central tenets of existential thought is authenticity—the alignment of one’s actions with one’s true self. Art therapy fosters authenticity by providing a space where individuals can freely express themselves without fear of judgment (Malchiodi, 2012). Through the creation of visual narratives, clients can confront their choices, values, and aspirations.

2. Confronting Death and Impermanence

Existential art therapy invites clients to explore themes of mortality and the transient nature of life. This can be achieved through imagery that reflects loss, aging, decay, or transformation. These themes allow clients to process grief, anxiety about death, and the finite nature of human existence (Yalom, 1980; Rubin, 2001).

3. Meaning-Making

A key goal of existential therapy is helping individuals find or create meaning in their lives. Art becomes a tool for constructing personal narratives and understanding one’s place in the world (Frankl, 1959). Creative expression allows clients to explore questions of purpose, identity, and values.

4. Isolation and Connection

Existential therapy acknowledges existential isolation—the fundamental separateness of each individual. Yet, within art therapy, clients can bridge this gap by expressing emotions and thoughts that foster connection with others and with the therapist. Shared art-making experiences or viewing others’ work in group settings can mitigate feelings of loneliness.

The Therapeutic Process

Existential art therapy is typically client-led and process-oriented. The therapist’s role is not to analyze or interpret the artwork, but to explore the client’s experience of making it and what it means to them. This collaborative stance emphasizes presence, curiosity, and a deep respect for the client’s inner world (Moon, 2009).

Materials and Techniques

Clients may work with various materials such as paint, clay, collage, or digital media. Techniques may include:

  • Self-portraiture to explore identity and self-perception.

  • Symbolic imagery to represent existential themes.

  • Visual timelines to narrate life journeys.

  • Mandalas for centering and reflection.

The choice of medium is often left to the client, aligning with the existential principle of freedom and choice.

Clinical Applications and Populations

1. Trauma Survivors

Existential art therapy is particularly beneficial for trauma survivors, as trauma often shatters meaning and disrupts identity. Creative expression helps survivors process non-verbal aspects of trauma while exploring existential questions such as “Why did this happen to me?” or “What now?” (Talwar, 2007).

2. Terminal Illness and Palliative Care

For those facing life-limiting illness, existential art therapy offers a way to confront mortality, create legacy pieces, and find peace. Engaging in creative expression during end-of-life care supports emotional resolution and meaning-making (Potash et al., 2016).

3. Adolescents and Young Adults

Young people often grapple with existential questions around identity, freedom, and belonging. Art therapy provides a safe and engaging way for them to explore these themes non-verbally and symbolically (Malchiodi, 2012).

4. Depression and Anxiety

Clients with depression or anxiety often experience existential emptiness or dread. Art therapy allows for externalizing these experiences and can help clients move from passive suffering to active engagement with their internal world.

Case Examples


Case 1: Grief and the Search for Meaning

Maria, a 42-year-old woman grieving the death of her child, engaged in existential art therapy. Through a series of paintings, she processed her sorrow and guilt. Eventually, she created a collage titled The Garden of Remembering, filled with symbols of growth, rebirth, and memory. This process helped her acknowledge her pain and articulate a new sense of purpose centered around supporting other grieving parents.

Case 2: Existential Anxiety in a Young Adult

James, a 21-year-old university student, presented with panic attacks and an overwhelming fear of death. In therapy, he created a visual journal titled The Edge of Time, where he depicted the passage of time, the cosmos, and his own symbolic representations. Over time, he began to confront his fear of death not as an end, but as part of a larger, meaningful journey.

Integration with Other Modalities

Existential art therapy can be integrated with other therapeutic approaches, including:

  • Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for identifying and re-framing existential beliefs.

  • Mindfulness to increase presence during art-making.

  • Narrative therapy to construct coherent life stories.

  • Somatic therapies to process embodied experiences of existential tension.

Such integration allows for holistic treatment, addressing cognitive, emotional, physical, and spiritual dimensions.

Challenges and Ethical Considerations

Despite its benefits, existential art therapy poses certain challenges:

  • Ambiguity: Clients unfamiliar with existential concepts may find the process abstract or confusing.

  • Emotional intensity: Deep existential themes can evoke strong emotions, necessitating careful containment.

  • Cultural considerations: Existential concerns may be conceptualized differently across cultures, requiring sensitivity.

  • Training and competency: Therapists need training in both existential theory and art therapy practices to practice ethically and effectively (Moon, 2009).

Research and Evidence Base

While existential art therapy is a relatively under-researched modality, qualitative studies and case reports demonstrate its effectiveness (Gerge, 2020; Potash et al., 2016). Clients report increased self-awareness, emotional catharsis, and enhanced coping with existential concerns. There is a growing call for more empirical research, particularly randomized controlled trials, to validate its efficacy in broader clinical populations.

Future Directions

Future developments in existential art therapy may include:

  • Digital art therapy and virtual platforms for remote engagement.

  • Community-based programs that address collective trauma and social existential concerns.

  • Art-based existential assessments to measure client progress.

  • Cross-cultural research exploring diverse existential expressions through art.

Continued dialogue between existential philosophers, clinicians, and art therapists will enrich the field and expand its application.

Conclusion

Existential art therapy is a compelling and transformative approach that bridges philosophy and creativity. By engaging with art, individuals can explore fundamental questions about life, death, meaning, and identity in ways that transcend verbal discourse. This modality offers therapists a powerful tool to accompany clients on their existential journeys, especially in times of crisis, transition, or loss. As society continues to grapple with existential uncertainties, existential art therapy emerges as a deeply relevant and healing practice—affirming the human capacity for creativity, resilience, and meaning-making." (Source:   ChatGPT 2025)

References

Frankl, V. E. (1959). Man’s search for meaning. Beacon Press.

Gerge, A. (2020). Expressive arts therapy as a pathway for working with trauma and dissociation. Body, Movement and Dance in Psychotherapy, 15(4), 273–287. https://doi.org/10.1080/17432979.2020.1752783

Kramer, E. (2000). Art as therapy: Collected papers. Jessica Kingsley Publishers.

Malchiodi, C. A. (2012). Handbook of art therapy (2nd ed.). Guilford Press.

Moon, B. L. (2009). Existential art therapy: The canvas mirror. Charles C. Thomas.

Potash, J. S., Ho, R. T. H., Chan, F., Wang, X. L., & Cheng, C. (2016). A model for art therapy-based supervision for end-of-life care workers in Hong Kong. Death Studies, 40(9), 558–566. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2016.1186764

Rubin, J. A. (2001). Approaches to art therapy: Theory and technique. Brunner-Routledge.

Sartre, J.-P. (2007). Being and nothingness (H. E. Barnes, Trans.). Routledge. (Original work published 1943)

Talwar, S. (2007). Accessing traumatic memory through art making: An art therapy trauma protocol (ATTP). The Arts in Psychotherapy, 34(1), 22–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aip.2006.09.001

Yalom, I. D. (1980). Existential psychotherapy. Basic Books.

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The Requirements for Existential Art

Existential Art is a Deeply Human Endeavor. It arises from the Confrontation with Meaninglessness

The Requirements for Existential Art

“You are worthy, regardless of the outcome. You will keep making your work, regardless of the outcome. You will keep sharing your work, regardless of the outcome. You were born to create, regardless of the outcome. You will never lose trust in the creative process, even if you don’t understand the outcome.” ― Elizabeth Gilbert

Abstract

"Existential art embodies the core principles of existential philosophy by addressing themes of freedom, authenticity, alienation, absurdity, and the human confrontation with mortality. It is not confined by conventional aesthetics or market trends, but rather challenges both the artist and the audience to engage deeply with the subjective experience of existence. This paper outlines the foundational requirements of existential art, drawing from key existential thinkers such as Sartre, Camus, Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, Heidegger, and de Beauvoir. Through a comprehensive exploration of existential themes, historical context, artistic techniques, and contemporary applications, this paper provides a 5000-word investigation into what constitutes existential art and how artists can authentically embody its principles.

1. Introduction

Existentialism is a philosophical movement that emphasizes individual freedom, choice, and responsibility in a universe devoid of inherent meaning. When applied to artistic creation, existentialism transforms the artwork from a decorative or narrative object into a vehicle for existential reflection and revelation. Existential art reflects the raw, often uncomfortable truths of the human condition. It does not provide clear answers but instead provokes questions—about identity, mortality, purpose, and the nature of being. This essay aims to establish a comprehensive framework of the requirements for existential art, combining philosophical theory with artistic praxis.

2. Philosophical Foundations of Existential Art

2.1 Existence Precedes Essence

Jean-Paul Sartre (1943/2007) famously declared that "existence precedes essence," meaning that humans first exist and then define themselves through actions. For existential art, this implies that art is not about capturing a fixed reality but rather expressing the ongoing process of becoming. The artist must create from a place of freedom and responsibility, without relying on external validation or predefined meanings.

2.2 The Absurd

Albert Camus (1942/1991) introduced the concept of the absurd—the conflict between humans’ desire for order and the chaotic, indifferent universe. Existential art often reflects this tension through ambiguity, fragmentation, and surreal or contradictory elements. Absurdity becomes both a thematic focus and a structural feature of existential art.

2.3 Authenticity and Bad Faith

According to Sartre and de Beauvoir, authenticity involves recognizing one’s freedom and acting in accordance with it. In contrast, "bad faith" refers to self-deception and conformity. Existential art must be authentic in both content and form. It should emerge from the artist’s sincere confrontation with their existence and avoid pandering to societal expectations or artistic trends.

2.4 Being-Toward-Death

Heidegger (1927/1962) emphasized the importance of mortality in shaping authentic existence. His concept of "being-toward-death" refers to the individual’s awareness of their finitude. Existential art often reflects this awareness through symbols of decay, temporality, and the void. Death is not merely a theme but an ever-present horizon that frames human experience.

3. Thematic Requirements

3.1 Mortality and Transience

Existential art frequently explores the impermanence of life. It may depict physical decay, emotional loss, or metaphysical dread. Vanitas paintings from the 17th century, while not strictly existential, align with this theme by emphasizing the fleeting nature of worldly pleasures.

3.2 Alienation and Isolation

Modern existential art captures the estrangement of individuals from society, nature, or themselves. Kafka’s literary works and Edward Hopper’s paintings are emblematic examples. Alienation is not simply emotional detachment—it represents a fundamental disconnect from meaning and belonging.

3.3 Freedom and Responsibility

Existential freedom is not liberating in a simplistic sense—it is a heavy burden. With freedom comes the responsibility to create one’s identity and values. Existential art reflects this by portraying decision, consequence, and moral ambiguity.

3.4 Absurdity and Meaninglessness

Existential art thrives in the absurd. Whether through nonsensical narratives, abstract visuals, or surreal juxtapositions, the work reflects the incoherence of life. Artists like Beckett and Magritte created works that resist traditional logic, pushing audiences to confront the absurd directly.

3.5 Anxiety and Dread

Existential angst is not mere anxiety—it is the deep, ontological unease that arises when one faces the freedom and contingency of their existence. This dread appears in expressionist works, haunting soundscapes, and minimalist performances.

4. Aesthetic and Stylistic Requirements

4.1 Rejection of Traditional Beauty

Existential art does not aim to please. It may be ugly, unsettling, or chaotic. This rejection of aesthetic norms serves to challenge the viewer’s assumptions and foster genuine existential reflection.

4.2 Ambiguity and Open Interpretation

Existential art is intentionally ambiguous. It does not offer easy answers or clear messages. The viewer must engage with the work actively, co-constructing meaning—or accepting its absence.

4.3 Symbolism and Metaphor

While not exclusive to existential art, symbolism plays a key role in expressing abstract existential concerns. Symbols of time, mirrors, doors, labyrinths, and shadows often populate existential artworks.

4.4 Fragmentation and Discontinuity

Many existential works avoid linear structure. Whether in literature, film, or visual art, fragmentation reflects the disjointed nature of existence. This structural choice invites reflection on the incoherence of human experience.

5. Artistic Media and Techniques

5.1 Painting and Drawing

Expressionism and abstraction are often employed to convey emotional depth and inner turmoil. Artists like Egon Schiele, Francis Bacon, and Jean Dubuffet distorted the human form to emphasize existential suffering.

5.2 Photography

Existential photography captures solitude, silence, and time. Photographers like Francesca Woodman and Vernon Chalmers use space, shadow, and minimalism to evoke existential themes.

Modern Existential Photographers >>

5.3 Performance and Installation Art

Performance artists such as Marina Abramović use the body as a medium to explore endurance, vulnerability, and presence. Installations that require viewer interaction or immersion disrupt passive viewing and emphasize existential choice.

5.4 Literature and Cinema

Writers like Sartre, Camus, and Beckett, and filmmakers like Bergman and Tarkovsky, have embedded existential themes in their narratives and cinematography. The use of silence, slow pacing, and unresolved endings are hallmarks of existential cinema.

6. Psychological and Emotional Dimensions

6.1 Vulnerability and Sincerity

Existential art demands that the artist be vulnerable. The work should arise from sincere emotional and intellectual engagement with existence. This sincerity connects with audiences on a profound level.

6.2 Tension and Discomfort

Existential art often induces discomfort. It may challenge ethical assumptions, evoke despair, or confront taboos. This tension is essential—it breaks through complacency and incites reflection.

6.3 Hope and Defiance

Though existentialism is often associated with nihilism, it can also inspire hope. Camus’ concept of "revolt" involves affirming life in the face of absurdity. Existential art can express a quiet defiance, a decision to create and endure despite meaninglessness.

7. Historical and Cultural Contexts

7.1 Post-War Europe

After World War II, existentialism gained prominence as Europe grappled with the horrors of war, genocide, and totalitarianism. Artists used existential themes to express trauma and search for meaning in devastation.

7.2 The 20th-Century Avant-Garde

Movements such as Dada, Surrealism, and Abstract Expressionism challenged rationalism and traditional forms. While not always explicitly existential, these movements created space for existential themes to emerge.

7.3 Contemporary Art

Today, existential art continues in new media. Digital artists, VR creators, and AI-assisted artworks explore issues of identity, reality, and connection in an increasingly fragmented world.

8. Ethical and Ontological Commitments

8.1 Art as Revelation

Heidegger viewed art as a way to disclose truth. Existential art is not just expression—it is revelation. It reveals the tension, ambiguity, and beauty of being.

8.2 Ethical Authenticity

The artist must act ethically by resisting commodification and superficiality. This does not mean ignoring audience reception but refusing to compromise existential integrity for popularity.

9. The Audience's Role

9.1 Co-Creation

The viewer is not passive. Existential art requires interpretation, emotional engagement, and self-reflection. The meaning is co-created through this interaction.

9.2 Confrontation

Audience members may feel disturbed, confused, or even offended. This confrontation is intentional. It mirrors the existential confrontation with the absurd.

10. Conclusion

Existential art is a deeply human endeavor. It arises from the confrontation with meaninglessness, mortality, and freedom. It does not entertain but provokes. It does not comfort but challenges. Through its commitment to authenticity, ambiguity, and emotional depth, existential art remains one of the most honest and necessary forms of human expression." (Source: ChatGPT 2025)

References

Camus, A. (1991). The myth of Sisyphus (J. O'Brien, Trans.). Vintage. (Original work published 1942)

Heidegger, M. (1962). Being and time (J. Macquarrie & E. Robinson, Trans.). Harper & Row. (Original work published 1927)

Kierkegaard, S. (1980). The concept of anxiety (R. Thomte, Trans.). Princeton University Press. (Original work published 1844)

Nietzsche, F. (1967). The birth of tragedy (W. Kaufmann, Trans.). Vintage.

Sartre, J.-P. (2007). Being and nothingness (H. E. Barnes, Trans.). Routledge. (Original work published 1943)

de Beauvoir, S. (1976). The ethics of ambiguity (B. Frechtman, Trans.). Citadel Press.

Abramović, M. (2010). The artist is present. Museum of Modern Art.

Bacon, F. (1953). Study after Velazquez's Portrait of Pope Innocent X. Des Moines Art Center.

Woodman, F. (2006). Francesca Woodman. Phaidon Press.

Chalmers, V. (2024). Existential Photography Reflections.

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