The Psychological Effects of PTSD on War victims are Profound and Multifaceted. Emotional Dysregulation, Cognitive impairment, Behavioral Issues, and Social Isolation Dominate the Lives of Many who have Experienced the Horrors of War.
Abstract
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a debilitating mental health condition commonly experienced by individuals exposed to the traumatic events of war. This paper explores the psychological effects of PTSD on war victims, including emotional, cognitive, behavioral, and social consequences. The report also examines long-term psychological impairments, co-occurring disorders, and current treatment approaches. Finally, it discusses implications for future research, policy, and clinical practice.
Report Index:
- Introduction
- Defining PTSD in the Context of War
- Emotional Effects
- Cognitive Effects
- Behavioral and Social Effects
- Long-Term Psychological Impairments
- Special Populations Affected by War-Related PTSD
- Comorbidities and Complex PTSD
- Treatment Approaches
- Challenges and Barriers to Treatment
- Implications for Policy and Practice
- Conclusion
- References
- Report Compiler
- Disclaimer
1. Introduction
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a pervasive mental health disorder that develops following exposure to a traumatic event, often one involving a threat to life or physical integrity (American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2022). War, with its inherent violence, unpredictability, and moral conflicts, is one of the most severe environments for trauma exposure. Victims of war, including soldiers and civilians, frequently endure harrowing experiences such as combat, torture, displacement, and loss of loved ones. These experiences leave indelible psychological scars, often manifesting in the form of PTSD.
Understanding the psychological effects of PTSD on war victims is critical for developing effective interventions and informing mental health policy. This report delves into the emotional, cognitive, behavioral, and social effects of PTSD on war victims. It further explores comorbid conditions, long-term consequences, and evidence-based treatments.
2. Defining PTSD in the Context of War
According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.; DSM-5-TR; APA, 2022), PTSD is characterized by symptoms in four major categories: intrusion, avoidance, negative alterations in cognition and mood, and alterations in arousal and reactivity. In the context of war, these symptoms often result from prolonged or repeated trauma exposure, differentiating PTSD in war victims from that resulting from single-incident trauma.
Combat veterans and civilians in conflict zones may experience PTSD differently. While soldiers often face trauma related to life-threatening situations and moral injury, civilians endure displacement, witnessing violence, and loss of family (Mollica et al., 1999). Both groups face increased vulnerability to chronic PTSD and related mental health issues.
3. Emotional Effects
War-induced PTSD profoundly affects emotional functioning. Victims frequently report chronic anxiety, persistent fear, irritability, anger outbursts, and emotional numbness (Yehuda et al., 2015). These emotional disturbances not only impair daily functioning but also interfere with interpersonal relationships and self-regulation.
One of the most prominent emotional symptoms is hyperarousal, where the individual remains in a heightened state of alertness. This condition leads to difficulties in sleeping, concentration problems, and exaggerated startle responses (APA, 2022). Emotional dysregulation can cause aggressive behaviors, especially in male combat veterans who suppress fear responses during service.
Civilians, particularly children in war-torn areas, often develop symptoms of depression and despair due to the loss of a safe environment (Tol et al., 2013). Women and children also face increased risk of developing PTSD following sexual violence in conflict, leading to profound emotional distress.
4. Cognitive Effects
PTSD in war victims significantly impairs cognitive functions, including memory, attention, and executive functioning. Intrusive thoughts and flashbacks can disrupt concentration and impair short-term memory. Victims may experience persistent negative beliefs about themselves, others, or the world, such as viewing the world as entirely dangerous or themselves as permanently damaged (Ehlers & Clark, 2000).
Cognitive distortions are especially common in individuals who have committed or witnessed morally conflicting acts, a phenomenon termed moral injury. This results in profound guilt, shame, and spiritual distress, all of which exacerbate PTSD symptoms (Litz et al., 2009).
Furthermore, war trauma has been linked to structural changes in the brain. Studies show that PTSD is associated with reduced hippocampal volume, affecting memory consolidation, and increased amygdala activity, contributing to fear and hypervigilance (Bremner et al., 2003).
5. Behavioral and Social Effects
The behavioral manifestations of PTSD include social withdrawal, substance use, aggression, and avoidance of trauma-related stimuli. War victims may avoid reminders of the trauma, leading to isolation and estrangement from family and friends. This avoidance can impair occupational functioning and reduce the capacity for social support (King et al., 2006).
Substance abuse is particularly prevalent among combat veterans with PTSD. Many turn to alcohol or drugs to manage hyperarousal or emotional numbness, often leading to addiction and further impairing psychosocial functioning (Jacobson et al., 2008).
In family settings, PTSD can contribute to domestic violence, marital conflict, and poor parenting. Children of parents with PTSD may develop secondary trauma symptoms or behavioral problems, creating a cycle of intergenerational trauma (Dekel & Goldblatt, 2008).
6. Long-Term Psychological Impairments
Untreated PTSD can result in long-term mental health deterioration. Chronic PTSD is associated with major depressive disorder (MDD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), and increased suicide risk (Kessler et al., 1995). In aging veterans, PTSD symptoms may intensify due to cognitive decline and increased reflection on past events (Hiskey et al., 2008).
For civilians, particularly refugees and internally displaced persons (IDPs), PTSD can persist due to unstable living conditions, poverty, and lack of access to healthcare. Without intervention, PTSD contributes to social fragmentation, poor educational outcomes, and economic instability in post-conflict societies (Silove et al., 2017).
7. Special Populations Affected by War-Related PTSD
Military personnel experience unique stressors, such as combat exposure, survivor guilt, and loss of comrades. PTSD prevalence among U.S. veterans from Iraq and Afghanistan is estimated at 11–20%, though rates are higher among those with multiple deployments or injuries (Hoge et al., 2004). Veterans often experience difficulty reintegrating into civilian life due to hypervigilance, mistrust, and emotional detachment.
Civilians suffer PTSD as a result of direct violence, bombings, displacement, and loss. Women in war zones are disproportionately affected due to higher rates of sexual violence and caregiving burdens. Children exposed to war exhibit PTSD symptoms including bedwetting, nightmares, and developmental delays (Miller & Rasmussen, 2010).
Refugees often endure a "triple trauma" – pre-flight violence, perilous migration, and post-migration stress. PTSD rates among refugees range from 30–70%, with common comorbidities including depression and somatic symptoms (Steel et al., 2009). Many refugees face stigma, language barriers, and lack of mental health resources in host countries.
8. Comorbidities and Complex PTSD
War victims frequently experience comorbid conditions, including depression, anxiety, and substance use disorders. Complex PTSD (C-PTSD), recently recognized by the ICD-11, involves affective dysregulation, negative self-concept, and interpersonal difficulties beyond the core symptoms of PTSD (World Health Organization, 2019). C-PTSD is particularly common in victims of prolonged trauma, such as prisoners of war or survivors of torture.
Comorbid disorders complicate diagnosis and treatment. For example, PTSD and traumatic brain injury (TBI) often co-occur in combat veterans, making symptom attribution difficult (Bryant, 2011). Misdiagnosis can lead to inadequate care and worsening of symptoms.
9. Treatment Approaches
Evidence-based psychotherapies are the cornerstone of PTSD treatment. Trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy (TF-CBT), prolonged exposure (PE), and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) are among the most effective interventions (Bisson et al., 2013). These therapies aim to process traumatic memories, reduce avoidance, and restructure maladaptive beliefs.
Group therapy and family therapy are also beneficial, especially for veterans who benefit from shared experience and rebuilding social connections (Monson et al., 2006). Narrative exposure therapy (NET) is particularly effective for civilians in post-conflict settings, allowing victims to construct coherent trauma narratives (Neuner et al., 2004).
- Pharmacological Interventions
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), such as sertraline and paroxetine, are commonly prescribed for PTSD. While medication can alleviate symptoms such as anxiety and depression, it is often most effective when combined with psychotherapy (Hoskins et al., 2015). In treatment-resistant cases, newer interventions like MDMA-assisted therapy and ketamine infusion are being explored (Mitchell et al., 2021).
- Community and Culturally Sensitive Interventions
In war-affected regions, culturally adapted interventions are crucial. Community-based programs, psychoeducation, and peer support networks can reduce stigma and increase access to care. Empowering local healers and integrating traditional practices with Western models has shown promise (Kohrt et al., 2018).
10. Challenges and Barriers to Treatment
Numerous barriers hinder PTSD treatment among war victims. These include lack of mental health infrastructure in conflict zones, stigma surrounding psychological disorders, financial constraints, and limited awareness. Veterans may avoid seeking help due to perceived weakness, while refugees may lack legal or linguistic access to care.
Additionally, the complexity of war trauma requires long-term and multidimensional interventions, which are often underfunded or unavailable in post-conflict settings (Schnyder et al., 2015).
11. Implications for Policy and Practice
Effective response to war-related PTSD requires a coordinated approach involving governments, healthcare systems, NGOs, and communities. Policy priorities should include:
-
Increasing funding for trauma-informed care.
-
Training mental health professionals in conflict and post-conflict regions.
-
Expanding access to culturally sensitive and evidence-based interventions.
-
Implementing long-term follow-up for veterans and civilians alike.
Moreover, prevention strategies such as peacebuilding, early trauma screening, and mental health education can mitigate the impact of future conflicts.
12. Conclusion
The psychological effects of PTSD on war victims are profound and multifaceted. Emotional dysregulation, cognitive impairment, behavioral issues, and social isolation dominate the lives of many who have experienced the horrors of war. Effective treatment exists, but barriers remain. A trauma-informed, culturally competent, and resource-sufficient response is vital to aid recovery and restore dignity to those affected.
Future research should continue exploring innovative therapies and community-based models to enhance the global response to war-related PTSD. Above all, acknowledging the invisible wounds of war is a moral imperative in the pursuit of peace and healing.
13. References
American Psychiatric Association. (2022). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed., text rev.; DSM-5-TR). APA Publishing.
Bisson, J. I., Roberts, N. P., Andrew, M., Cooper, R., & Lewis, C. (2013). Psychological therapies for chronic post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (12).
Bremner, J. D., Vythilingam, M., Vermetten, E., Southwick, S. M., McGlashan, T., Nazeer, A., ... & Charney, D. S. (2003). MRI and PET study of deficits in hippocampal structure and function in women with childhood sexual abuse and PTSD. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160(5), 924–932.
Bryant, R. A. (2011). PTSD and traumatic brain injury: Can they co-occur? Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 72(5), e21.
Dekel, R., & Goldblatt, H. (2008). Is there intergenerational transmission of trauma? The case of combat veterans’ children. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 78(3), 281–289.
Ehlers, A., & Clark, D. M. (2000). A cognitive model of PTSD. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38(4), 319–345.
Hoge, C. W., Auchterlonie, J. L., & Milliken, C. S. (2006). Mental health problems, use of mental health services, and attrition from military service after returning from deployment to Iraq or Afghanistan. JAMA, 295(9), 1023–1032.
Hoskins, M., Pearce, J., Bethell, A., Dankova, L., Barbui, C., Tol, W., ... & Bisson, J. I. (2015). Pharmacotherapy for post-traumatic stress disorder: Systematic review and meta-analysis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 206(2), 93–100.
Jacobson, I. G., Ryan, M. A., Hooper, T. I., Smith, T. C., Amoroso, P. J., Boyko, E. J., ... & Bell, N. S. (2008). Alcohol use and alcohol-related problems before and after military combat deployment. JAMA, 300(6), 663–675.
Kessler, R. C., Sonnega, A., Bromet, E., Hughes, M., & Nelson, C. B. (1995). PTSD in the National Comorbidity Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry, 52(12), 1048–1060.
King, D. W., King, L. A., Vogt, D. S., Knight, J., & Samper, R. E. (2006). Deployment risk and resilience inventory: A collection of measures for studying deployment-related experiences of military personnel and veterans. Military Psychology, 18(2), 89–120.
Kohrt, B. A., Mendenhall, E., & Brown, P. J. (2018). Global mental health: Anthropological perspectives. In B. A. Kohrt & E. Mendenhall (Eds.), Global mental health: Anthropological perspectives (pp. 1–30). Routledge.
Litz, B. T., Stein, N., Delaney, E., Lebowitz, L., Nash, W. P., Silva, C., & Maguen, S. (2009). Moral injury and moral repair in war veterans: A preliminary model and intervention strategy. Clinical Psychology Review, 29(8), 695–706.
Miller, K. E., & Rasmussen, A. (2010). War exposure, daily stressors, and mental health in conflict and post-conflict settings: Bridging the divide between trauma-focused and psychosocial frameworks. Social Science & Medicine, 70(1), 7–16.
Mitchell, J. M., Bogenschutz, M., Lilienstein, A., et al. (2021). MDMA-assisted therapy for severe PTSD: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 study. Nature Medicine, 27(6), 1025–1033.
Mollica, R. F., McInnes, K., Poole, C., & Tor, S. (1998). Dose-effect relationships of trauma to symptoms of depression and PTSD among Cambodian survivors of mass violence. British Journal of Psychiatry, 173(6), 482–488.
Monson, C. M., Schnurr, P. P., Resick, P. A., Friedman, M. J., Young-Xu, Y., & Stevens, S. P. (2006). Cognitive processing therapy for veterans with military-related PTSD. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74(5), 898–907.
Neuner, F., Schauer, M., Klaschik, C., Karunakara, U., & Elbert, T. (2004). A comparison of narrative exposure therapy, supportive counseling, and psychoeducation for PTSD in an African refugee settlement. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72(4), 579–587.
Schnyder, U., Ehlers, A., Elbert, T., Foa, E. B., Gersons, B. P., Resick, P. A., ... & Cloitre, M. (2015). Psychotherapies for PTSD: What do they have in common? European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 6(1), 28186.
Silove, D., Ventevogel, P., & Rees, S. (2017). The contemporary refugee crisis: An overview of mental health challenges. World Psychiatry, 16(2), 130–139.
Steel, Z., Chey, T., Silove, D., Marnane, C., Bryant, R. A., & van Ommeren, M. (2009). Association of torture and other potentially traumatic events with mental health outcomes among populations exposed to mass conflict and displacement. JAMA, 302(5), 537–549.
Tol, W. A., Song, S., & Jordans, M. J. (2013). Annual research review: Resilience and mental health in children and adolescents living in areas of armed conflict–A systematic review of findings in low‐ and middle‐income countries. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 54(4), 445–460.
World Health Organization. (2019). ICD-11: International classification of diseases 11th revision. WHO.
Yehuda, R., Flory, J. D., Southwick, S., & Charney, D. S. (2015). Developing an agenda for translational studies of resilience and vulnerability following trauma exposure. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1071(1), 379–396.
14. Report Compiler: ChatGPT 2025
15. Disclaimer
This 'The Effects of PTSD on War Victims' report is based on information available at the time of its preparation and is provided for informational purposes only. While every effort has been made to ensure accuracy and completeness, errors and omissions may occur. The compiler of The Effects of PTSD on War Victims (ChatGPT) and / or Vernon Chalmers for the Mental Health and Motivation website (in the capacity as report requester) disclaim any liability for any inaccuracies, errors, or omissions and will not be held responsible for any decisions or conclusions made based on this information."
Image Created: Chat GPT 2025š Mental Health, Psychology and Relationship Resources
